SMPTE timecode is an industry-standard method for labeling frames of video and film, ensuring accurate editing, synchronization, and media identification. Developed by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), this system is essential for maintaining precise timing across various formats and frame rates.
One critical aspect of SMPTE timecode is the distinction between Drop Frame (DF) and Non-Drop Frame (NDF) formats. Selecting the correct format is crucial for keeping captions and other time-based media elements synchronized.
SMPTE Timecodes and Frame Rates
SMPTE timecode is written in the format hh:mm:ss:ff (hours, minutes, seconds, frames). The frame rate dictates how many frames per second (fps) appear in the media. Since different formats use different frame rates, understanding these variations is essential for proper synchronization.
| Frame Rate | Drop/Non-Drop | Usage | Standard |
| 29.97 fps | NDF | Color, 60Hz, Non-Real Time | NTSC Video |
| 29.97 fps | DF | Color, 60Hz, Real Time | NTSC Broadcast |
| 30 fps | NDF | Black & White, 60Hz, Real Time | Legacy Video |
| 59.94 fps | NDF | Color HD, 60Hz, Non-Real Time | HD Video |
| 59.94 fps | DF | Color HD, 60Hz, Real Time | HD Broadcast |
| 25 fps | NDF | Color, 50Hz, Real Time | PAL/EBU Standard |
| 50 fps | NDF | Color HD, 50Hz, Real Time | High Frame Rate Video |
| 24 fps | NDF | Color, Real Time | Traditional Film |
| 23.98 fps | NDF | Color HD, 60Hz, Non-Real Time | Digital Cinema |
A slower frame rate creates more noticeable jumps between frames, allowing the eye to interpret motion differently than with higher frame rates.
Drop Frame vs. Non-Drop Frame (DF vs. NDF)
While 29.97 fps is a common frame rate for broadcast television, it does not align perfectly with real-time clock measurements. To correct this discrepancy, Drop Frame (DF) timecode was introduced.
- Drop Frame (DF) adjusts the timecode to match real-time playback by dropping two frame numbers every minute, except every tenth minute.
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Non-Drop Frame (NDF) does not adjust for real-time discrepancies, meaning the timecode will gradually drift from actual time.
- At the end of a real-time hour, a DF video will have run 01:00, while at the end of a real-time hour, a NDF video will have run 00:59:56:12.
The Impact of Drop Frame (DF) vs. Non-Drop Frame (NDF) on Captioning
If you apply Non-Drop Frame captions to a Drop Frame video, the captions will slowly drift out of sync, becoming increasingly inaccurate over time. To determine whether your video uses DF or NDF:
- Drop Frame (DF) timecode is written with a semicolon or period between the seconds and frames: hh:mm:ss;ff or hh:mm:ss.ff
- Non-Drop Frame (NDF) timecode is written with all colons: hh:mm:ss:ff
Before captioning, always confirm your video’s timecode format to ensure precise synchronization.
Tips and Best Practices
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Check the frame rate of your video before captioning to determine whether Drop Frame or Non-Drop Frame is required.
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Use Drop Frame timecode for broadcast applications where real-time accuracy is essential.
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Use Non-Drop Frame timecode for film, digital media, and post-production workflows where real-time synchronization is less critical.
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Ensure captions match the video format to prevent drifting or desynchronization.
By understanding SMPTE timecode and the difference between DF and NDF, you can ensure that your captions, edits, and media playback remain accurate and synchronized.
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